Modifications in fat and fatty acid composition during prolonged storage of canned COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris) were studied. In this study COMMON KILKA was processed under traditional Mediterranean method and then stored for up to 3 years. Qualitative characteristics including total fat, fatty acids profile, free fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid, fluorescence compound of filling media and aquatic phase of lipid extract in fish (row canned and stored canned) were determined and compared with each other. Results showed that canning led to a decrease in total fat, although during 3 years storage, total fat did not change significantly. During the long term storage, amounts of free fatty acids, fluorescence and secondary lipid oxidation compounds were increased significantly. After canning, linoleic acid of tissues increased significantly as result of the interaction between tissue lipid and filling media. EPA and DHA of canned fish tissue decreased. Some of these fatty acids with other specific fatty acids were found in the sunflower oil that was used for coating. During prolonged storage, the n-3/n-6 ratio of tissue’s fatty acids decreased. At the same time, this ratio, in filling media, increased. Results of this investigation showed that, with increase of storage time, interaction between tissue fatty acids and filling media increases.

The objective of the present study was to determine chemical composition and fatty acid profile of COMMON KILKA, Clupeonella cultriventris caspia, in the Caspian Sea. The chemical analysis revealed that the protein and lipid content of COMMON KILKA were 15.05 and 6.5% of the fresh weight, and total MUFA, PUFA and SFA were found to be 37.00, 32.89 and 29.03% respectively. Palmitic acid (16: 0) among total SFAs, oleic acid (18: 1n-9) among MUFAs, Docosahexanoid acid (DHA) (22: 6n-3) among n-3 PUFAs and linoleic acid (LA) (18: 2n-6) among n-6 PUFAs were the most abundant fatty acids. The obtained results revealed that COMMON KILKA is a better source ofw-3 PUFAs than w-6. DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the major components of w-3 PUFAs. Levels of DHA and EPA were 20.79% and 6.97% respectively. The PUFA/SFA ratio was 1.13 in COMMON KILKA. This ratio was more than the recommended minimum value (0.45).The EPA/DHA ratio was 0.34 in COMMON KILKA. The present study suggests that COMMON KILKA is rich in essential unsaturated fatty acids of the w-3 family, especially DHA which may be considered nutritionally attractive for human.

This study evaluates the genetical structure of Caspian Sea COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) during winter and Spring of 2013 by sequencing method.30 samples were gathered from Mazandaran and Gilan fisheries ports and the fins samples lived in ethanol 96%. Then the genetical studies were done in biotechnology laboratory of Caspian Seas ecological research center. The DNA genomic samples of soft ports of the fish fin extracted by ammonium acetate method. The chain reaction of polymerase (PCR) was used by a pair of designed primer, on fish's DNA genomic. The abundant of Alles, the true number of Allelles, the observed and expected Heterozygosity, the genetic likeness and difference and the amount of Fs+caluculated by Tajmia and Nei test of genetic software (Bio Edit and Arlequin). Dendrogram of genetic difference drawn by Mega 4 genetic software. Based on drawn phylogenetic tree, the samples of Guilan were divided from Mazandarn samples. The dendrogram of these fish showed that the D-Loop gene indentified the genetic structure of Caspian Seas COMMON KILKA and separates Mazandaran and Guilan populations directly.

The efficiency of several quality evaluation indices was assessed to determine the effect of steam cooking on COMMON KILKA quality. For this purpose, samples were cooked by saturated steam (102-103oC) in a retort with 1.02 atmospherics pressure for 15 minutes. Qualitative characteristics, including total lipid, free fatty acids, tiobarbituric acid contents and the profile of fatty acids in raw and cooked fish were determined and compared with fluorescence contents (aqueous and organic phases) of lipid extract obtained from those samples. Results indicated the fluorescence method as a good technique for degradation quality assessment of cooked product compared with other methods.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pH-shift process in protein recovery from whole and gutted COMMON KILKA and characteristics of the produced gel compared with muscle surimi obtained with the conventional method. Although both acidic and alkaline methods reduced total pigment (TP) in isolates obtained from the whole and gutted fish, the alkaline version was more effective and the lowest amount of TP was observed in the isolate from gutted fish using alkaline version. The last sample also contained the lowest amount of TCA soluble peptide which was significantly lower than the others. Also, gel produced from the isolatere covered form gutted KILKA with the alkaline version had significantly higher water holding capacity and gel hardness but it was weaker than the sample obtained with conventional method. The results were supported with higher relative amount of actomyosin and actin in the structure of the gels produced from the gutted fishisolate and surimi from fish muscle, as reflected in SDS-PAGE. Nevertheless, thewhiteness of the samples recovered with pH-shift process was quite lower than themuscle surimi which reveals the necessity of more research in this area.

In this study, the growth parameters of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris) in the Caspian Sea were studied in one season and, three stations of Babolsar, Bandar Amirabad and Bandar Anzali. A total number of samples, 300 fish were randomly caught by conical nets in the study areas and analyzed. Overall, the average total length of the three stations 11. 65 ± 1. 17 cm and 9. 64 ± 2. 58 g total weight. The average total length at Babolsar, Bandar Amirabad, and Bandar Anzali stations were 11. 64 ± 0. 99, 12. 48 ± 0. 97 and 10. 81 ± 0. 91cm, respectively. The average weight at Babolsar, Bandar Amirabad, and Bandar Anzali stations was 10. 07 ± 2. 41, 11. 11 ± 2. 20 and 7. 73 ± 1. 84, respectively. The logarithmic relationship between length and weight of Babolsar, Bandar Amirabad, and Bandar Anzali stations, respectively, W= 2. 2642 TL-3. 2663, W=2. 31 TL-3. 4378 and W=2. 3331 TL-3. 5275. The amount of b in the Babolsar, Bandar Amirabad and Bandar Anzali zone, were 2. 26, 2. 31 and 2. 33, respectively. the growth pattern of fish in three stations is negative allometric(b<3). Factor conditions of COMMON KILKA fish at Babolsar, Bandar Amirabad and Bandar Anzali stations were 3. 88, 3. 25 and 2. 98, respectively. It showed that COMMON KILKAi fish were better in weight in the Behshahr station. The results showed that the living status was more suitable for COMMON KILKA fish at Bandar Amirabad station than Babolsar and Bandar Anzali stations in the sampled season.

The natural antioxidants effects of f)-carotene in concentration of 100ppm (BC 100) combined with ascorbic acid as a synergist agent (0.lg) and green tea polyphenols in concentration of 200ppm (pp200) on quality of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) during storage with ice powder were studied. Values of PV and TBA at 14, 38 and 62 hour after fishing was compared with control (sample without any antioxidant). Statistical analysis showed although PV and TBA values increased significantly in all treatments (BCl00, pp200 and C) during storage times, but the antioxidant treated samples showed significantly lower PV and TBA values (P<0.005) than the control for the same time period. Sensory evaluation (color, odor, texture, taste and flavor, off flavor) showed no significant differences between both antioxidants; therefore, it is proposed using both antioxidants in preservation of COMMON KILKA.

A larger proportion of energy intake for reproduction and also low food availability may decrease the growth rate of other organs during the late stage of the gonadal development. The main goal of this study is to examine the biological characteristics and organs growth pattern in Clupeonella cultriventris during the late stages of gonad development. Samples were collected by capturing 300-350 KILKA from a fishery area between Sari and Mahmod-Abad, every 2-3 weeks over October 2008 to April 2009. The length parameters such as fork length, stomach and intestine length and weight parameters such as fish weight, intestine weight and ovary weight were measured. The results showed that the slope of regression between weight and length for females increases At the beginning of sampling period, ovary was quit small, but grew up fast by the beginning of the reproduction and constituted a large part of the female body. The stomach and intestine grew faster than fish length over the study period. A reduction in length-growth offemales indicates that greater energy was allocated to gonadal development by the end of reproduction. However, the gastro-intestinal growth pattern did not correlate with fish length, but showed faster growth.

This paper examines the changes in the population biology and biomass of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea from 1995-2004. For most years during this 10-year period, we estimated the age structure of the catch, length-weight relationship, von Bertalanffy growth parameters, condition factor, sex ratios, maturity stages determined from ovarian analysis, natural and fishing mortality, age at first capture and biomass. Growth parameters were estimated as L¥=132mm, K=0.259/yr, t0=-1.285/yr. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality was estimated as 0.506/yr and the instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality varied during the 10-year period between 0.125/yr to 1.487/yr. Biomass of the COMMON KILKA increased from about 16,000mt in 1995 to more than 41,000mt in year of 2002. This increase in COMMON KILKA was simultaneous with a sharp decline in anchovy KILKA, changes in zooplankton abundance and composition, and especially increase in zooplankton species used by COMMON KILKA. We concluded that at the present time, the stock of COMMON KILKA is being over-fished.

COMMON KILKA Clupeonella cultriventris (Nordmann, 1840) is a brackish water and small pelagic fish species and is one of the most abundant fishes that live gregariously in the Caspian Sea. A total of 60 specimens of adult COMMON KILKA were sampled from two seasons. Fifteen pairs of microsatellites previously developed for A.sapidissima, C. pallasi, C.harengus, and S. pilchardus were tested for cross-species amplification on the COMMON KILKA. In this study, only five primer pairs were used successfully. Analyses revealed that the average of alleles per locus was 14.4. The average observed and expected heterozygosity was 0.153 and 0.888, respectively. All loci significantly deviated from H–W equilibrium. These results together with significant Rst. values for genotypic differences support the existence of different genetic populations along the Caspian Sea coast (Guilan Province).